01Kubernetes-基础入门
什么是Kubernetes
https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/overview/what-is-kubernetes/
# k8s前身
borg
# k8s竞争对手
swarm
mssos
声明式管理(愿望清单式)
Kubernetes参考网站
官网:TP
官方文档:TP
官方介绍:TP
kubeadm官方文档:TP
docker官方文档:TP
prometheus官方文档:TP
ansible安装k8s项目:TP
阿里云ACK:TP
Kubernetes组件介绍
Master:控制平面组件(Control Plane Components)
# apiserver
司令部,K8S的唯一入口,所有k8s操作指令,apiserver来接收,接口
# scheduler
资源计算/任务调度
# controller
Pod控制器/创建pod
# etcd
数据库,存储所有组件相应数据
node节点
## Node:
# kubelet
客户端,接收创建任务
#kube-proxy
提供网络服务,负载均衡
容器运行时:docker等启动容器的应用
POD:K8S的最小单位,POD主要提供一个根容器,来给其它启动的容器提供资源
Kubernetes架构
单机节点
高可用架构
Kubernetes核心资源
POD
1.什么是Pod
1.Pod是K8S的最小单位
2.Pod的IP地址是随机的,删除Pod会改变IP
3.Pod都有一个根容器
4.一个Pod内可以由一个容器或多个容器组成
5.一个Pod内的容器共享根容器的网络、名称空间、和文件系统卷
6.一个Pod内的网络地址由根容器提供
Pod创建流程
POD运行状态
状态 | 描述 |
---|---|
Pending(等待) | Pod已经被K8S系统接受,但是有一个或多个容器,尚未创建,亦未运行。此阶段包括等待Pod被调度的时间和通过网络下载镜像的时间 |
Running(运行) | Pod已经绑定到某个节点(node),Pod中所有容器都已被创建,至少有一个容器仍在运行,或者处于启动或重启状态 |
Succeeded(成功) | Pod中所有容器都已成功终止,并且不会再重启 |
Failed(失败) | Pod中所有容器都已成功终止,并且有一个容器是因为失败而终止 |
Unknown(未知) | 因为某些原因无法获取Pod状态,这种情况,通常是因为与Pod所在主机通信失败 |
Services
提供三种网络图
Service也是K8S核心资源之一,Service定义了服务的入口地址,用来将后端的Pod服务暴露给外部的用户访问。
Node IP
物理节点的ip。
Cluster IP
在pod之上封装了一层ip。
POD IP
每个pod的ip地址,可变的。
Label
Label标签是K8S中非常重要的一个属性,Label标签就像身份证一样,可以用来识别K8S的对象。
传统架构中,不同的服务应用之间通讯,都是通过IP和端口,但是在K8S中很多匹配关系都是通过标签来找。
Namespace
Namespace(名称空间)是K8S中非常重要的一个概念,Namespace将集群内部的资源进行隔离划分。
在Namespace中,形成逻辑上的不同项目组或用户组。
Controller
Controller用来管理Pod。
Pod控制器的种类有很多:
- RC Replication Controller 控制Pod有多个副本
- RS ReplicaSet RC控制器的升级版
- Deployment 推荐使用,功能强大,包含了RS控制器
- DaemonSet 保证所有的Node节点上,有且只有一个Pod运行
- StatefulSet 有状态的应用,为Pod提供唯一标识,它可以保证部署和scale的顺序
Pod RC和Controller关系
Kubernetes实战部署
安装方式
K8S的方式有一堆:
二进制安装
kubeadm
Ansible二进制安装
第三方安装工具 Rancher
云服务的K8S安装 阿里云ACK
。。。。。
二进制安装架构图(拓展)
部署环境准备
主机名 | IP | 角色 | 配置推荐 | 安装软件 |
---|---|---|---|---|
db01 | 10.0.0.51 | master | 1C4G40G | API Server、Controller、Scheduler、Kube-proxy、Kubelet、etcd、Kubectl、Kubeadm |
db02 | 10.0.0.52 | node1 | 1C2G40G | Docker、Kubelet、Kube-proxy |
db03 | 10.0.0.53 | node2 | 1C2G40G | Docker、Kubelet、Kube-proxy |
IP规划
三种Service | IP |
---|---|
Pod IP | 10.2.0.0 |
Cluster IP | 10.1.0.0 |
Node IP | 10.0.0.0 |
Kubernetes部署
服务器配置至少是2G2核的。如果不是则可以在集群初始化后面增加 --ignore-preflight-errors=NumCPU
1.克隆三台主机
192.168.15.51 k8s-m-01 m1
192.168.15.52 k8s-n-01 n1
192.168.15.53 k8s-n-02 n2
2.修改主机名称
[root@haoda-100 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-m-01
[root@haoda-100 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-n-01
[root@haoda-100 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-n-02
3.系统优化(所有机器全做)
# 关闭selinux
# 关闭防火墙
systemctl disable --now firewalld
# 关闭swap分区
swapoff -a
修改/etc/fstab
echo 'KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS="--fail-swap-on=false"' > /etc/sysconfig/kubelet # kubelet忽略swap
# 修改hosts文件
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
10.0.0.71 k8s-m01
10.0.0.72 k8s-node01
10.0.0.73 k8s-node02
# 做免密登录
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# for i in m1 n1 n2;do ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@$i; done
# 同步集群时间
# 配置镜像源
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://repo.huaweicloud.com/repository/conf/CentOS-7-reg.repo
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# yum clean all
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# yum makecache
# 更新系统
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# yum update -y --exclud=kernel*
# 安装基础常用软件
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# yum install wget expect vim net-tools ntp bash-completion ipvsadm ipset jq iptables conntrack sysstat libseccomp -y
# 更新系统内核(docker 对系统内核要求比较高,最好使用4.4+)
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# wget https://elrepo.org/linux/kernel/el7/x86_64/RPMS/kernel-lt-5.4.107-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# https://elrepo.org/linux/kernel/el7/x86_64/RPMS/kernel-lt-devel-5.4.107-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm
## 安装系统内容
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# yum localinstall -y kernel-lt*
## 调到默认启动
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# grub2-set-default 0 && grub2-mkconfig -o /etc/grub2.cfg
## 查看当前默认启动的内核
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# grubby --default-kernel
## 重启
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# reboot
## centos7.9自带
# 安装IPVS
yum install -y conntrack-tools ipvsadm ipset conntrack libseccomp
## 加载IPVS模块
cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
ipvs_modules="ip_vs ip_vs_lc ip_vs_wlc ip_vs_rr ip_vs_wrr ip_vs_lblc ip_vs_lblcr ip_vs_dh ip_vs_sh ip_vs_fo ip_vs_nq ip_vs_sed ip_vs_ftp nf_conntrack"
for kernel_module in \${ipvs_modules}; do
/sbin/modinfo -F filename \${kernel_module} > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
/sbin/modprobe \${kernel_module}
fi
done
EOF
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep ip_vs
# 这条命令必须要有输出结果,如果没有那么你的ipvs就是有问题
# 修改内核启动参数
cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
fs.may_detach_mounts = 1
vm.overcommit_memory=1
vm.panic_on_oom=0
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=89100
fs.file-max=52706963
fs.nr_open=52706963
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600
net.ipv4.tcp.keepaliv.probes = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 15
net.ipv4.tcp.max_tw_buckets = 36000
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp.max_orphans = 327680
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.ip_conntrack_max = 65536
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.top_timestamps = 0
net.core.somaxconn = 16384
EOF
# 立即生效
sysctl --system
4.安装docker
# 卸载之前安装过得docker
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# sudo yum remove docker docker-common docker-selinux docker-engine
# 安装docker需要的依赖包
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# sudo yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
# 安装dockeryum源
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo https://repo.huaweicloud.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
# 安装docker
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# yum install docker-ce -y
# 设置开机自启动
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# systemctl enable --now docker.service
5.安装kubelet(所有机器都要装)
# 安装kebenetes yum 源
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
# 安装kubelet
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# yum install -y kubelet-1.21.3 kubeadm-1.21.3 kubectl-1.21.3
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# systemctl enable --now kubelet
6、初始化master节点(仅在master节点上执行)
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# kubeadm init \
--image-repository=registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/k8sos \
--kubernetes-version=v1.21.3 \
--service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
7、初始化后续(仅在master节点上执行)
# 建立用户集群权限
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
# 如果是root用户,则可以使用:export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
# 安装集群网络插件(flannel.yaml见附件)
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# kubectl apply -f flannel.yaml
# 将工作节点加入集群
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# kubeadm token create --print-join-command
kubeadm join 192.168.15.31:6443 --token s6svmh.lw88lchyl6m24tts --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:4d7e3e37e73176a97322e26fe501d2c27830a7bf3550df56f3a55b68395b507b
## 注:将上方生成的token复制到node节点上执行。
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-m-01 Ready control-plane,master 13m v1.20.5
k8s-n-01 Ready <none> 35s v1.20.5
k8s-n-02 Ready <none> 39s v1.20.5
# 检查集群状态
## 第一种方式
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-m-01 Ready control-plane,master 5m56s v1.20.5
# 第二种方式
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
coredns-f68b4c98f-5t7wm 1/1 Running 0 5m54s
coredns-f68b4c98f-5xqjs 1/1 Running 0 5m54s
etcd-k8s-m-01 1/1 Running 0 6m3s
kube-apiserver-k8s-m-01 1/1 Running 0 6m3s
kube-controller-manager-k8s-m-01 1/1 Running 0 6m3s
kube-flannel-ds-7bcwl 1/1 Running 0 104s
kube-proxy-ntpjx 1/1 Running 0 5m54s
kube-scheduler-k8s-m-01 1/1 Running 0 6m3s
# 第三种方式:直接验证集群DNS
[root@k8s-m-01 ~]# kubectl run test -it --rm --image=busybox:1.28.3
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
/ # nslookup kubernetes
Server: 10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: kubernetes
Address 1: 10.96.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
附件:
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
annotations:
seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
privileged: false
volumes:
- configMap
- secret
- emptyDir
- hostPath
allowedHostPaths:
- pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
- pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
- pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
# Users and groups
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
# Privilege Escalation
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
# Capabilities
allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN', 'NET_RAW']
defaultAddCapabilities: []
requiredDropCapabilities: []
# Host namespaces
hostPID: false
hostIPC: false
hostNetwork: true
hostPorts:
- min: 0
max: 65535
# SELinux
seLinux:
# SELinux is unused in CaaSP
rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: flannel
rules:
- apiGroups: ['extensions']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- pods
verbs:
- get
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- nodes
verbs:
- list
- watch
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- nodes/status
verbs:
- patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: flannel
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: flannel
namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: flannel
namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: kube-flannel-cfg
namespace: kube-system
labels:
tier: node
app: flannel
data:
cni-conf.json: |
{
"name": "cbr0",
"cniVersion": "0.3.1",
"plugins": [
{
"type": "flannel",
"delegate": {
"hairpinMode": true,
"isDefaultGateway": true
}
},
{
"type": "portmap",
"capabilities": {
"portMappings": true
}
}
]
}
net-conf.json: |
{
"Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
"Backend": {
"Type": "vxlan"
}
}
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
name: kube-flannel-ds
namespace: kube-system
labels:
tier: node
app: flannel
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: flannel
template:
metadata:
labels:
tier: node
app: flannel
spec:
affinity:
nodeAffinity:
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
nodeSelectorTerms:
- matchExpressions:
- key: kubernetes.io/os
operator: In
values:
- linux
hostNetwork: true
priorityClassName: system-node-critical
tolerations:
- operator: Exists
effect: NoSchedule
serviceAccountName: flannel
initContainers:
- name: install-cni
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/alvinos/flanned:v0.13.1-rc1
command:
- cp
args:
- -f
- /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
- /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
volumeMounts:
- name: cni
mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
- name: flannel-cfg
mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
containers:
- name: kube-flannel
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/alvinos/flanned:v0.13.1-rc1
command:
- /opt/bin/flanneld
args:
- --ip-masq
- --kube-subnet-mgr
resources:
requests:
cpu: "100m"
memory: "50Mi"
limits:
cpu: "100m"
memory: "50Mi"
securityContext:
privileged: false
capabilities:
add: ["NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW"]
env:
- name: POD_NAME
valueFrom:
fieldRef:
fieldPath: metadata.name
- name: POD_NAMESPACE
valueFrom:
fieldRef:
fieldPath: metadata.namespace
volumeMounts:
- name: run
mountPath: /run/flannel
- name: flannel-cfg
mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
volumes:
- name: run
hostPath:
path: /run/flannel
- name: cni
hostPath:
path: /etc/cni/net.d
- name: flannel-cfg
configMap:
name: kube-flannel-cfg
k8s命令补全黑科技
yum install -y bash-completion
[root@db01 ~]# source /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
[root@db01 ~]# source <(kubectl completion bash)
[root@db01 ~]# kubectl completion bash > /etc/bash-completion.d/kubectl
Comments | 1 条评论
博主 Mark
Thanks for your blog, nice to read. Do not stop.